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1.2.         Structure of the report

Chapter 1 sets out the structure of this report and the legal background at European and international level. We now know much more about how chemicals can cause harm to organisms in water, and an overview of current knowledge is provided in chapter 2. In particular, sublethal effects (such as problems with reproduction) and mixtures of chemicals that in combination may act to harm sensitive species. Application of the precautionary principle would imply that this knowledge is used in risk assessment, to protect both the aquatic environment and human health. Chapter 3 goes on to consider what we actually know from data reported at European level, placed in the context of reporting under the Water Framework Directive. It reviews what we know about the pressures still causing surface water bodies to fail to achieve good chemical status, including information from European emissions reporting. Chapter 4 considers approaches to tackle with chemical pollution, looking at some EU and national strategies and plans. The final chapter then draws conclusions on what further needs to be done to protect surface waters from chemical pollution.

The scope of this report is hazardous substances, such as with toxic, persistent and bioaccumlative properties, not those that act as nutrients. The focus is on substances reported at European level, rather than emerging pollutants.