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During floods, sediments which may carry both nutrient and hazardous substance pollution are deposited on the floodplains, removing the polluting substances from the river, but in return polluting the floodplain. Especially in areas where mining and heavy industry were or still are important, heavy metal pollution of floodplains can be prominent, and may continue for decades after mining has been stopped (Ciszewski and Grygar, 2016). Examples of this can be found from most countries in Europe. Contaminated sediments are also of concern when performing river restoration as removing structural flood protection, weirs or dams. It has been found that contaminated sediments are often stored behind these structures, and may be released if structures are changed (Hahn et al., 2018). Atmospheric deposition of nutrients and mercury is a ubiquitous pressure, hence also occurs in floodplains (EEA, 2018b). Climate change induced increased temperatures is expected to alter the mobilization of chemicals in floodplains, but unfortunately, not much is known about environmental effects.
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generally there are point and not-point sources of pollution. Point sources are largely missing (mainly industry, heat by power plants, waste water from setllements etc)
flooding especially "catastrophic flooding" usually implies higher risk of pollution of water bodies and flood plains by e.g. oil from heating facilities, flooding industrial areas etc.
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another reference to mining sediment mobilsation in floodplains https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/291646/scho1108bozd-e-e.pdf
Also refer to remobilisation of historic mine-contaminated sediments from the floodplain into the river with potential for redeposition elsewhere with impact on human health or agricultural land. Directly linked to cattle deaths in Wales in 2012. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971301560X