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1       Introduction

Water is an essential resource for human health, agriculture, energy production, transport and nature. Securing sustainable management of water and of aquatic and water-dependent ecosystems and ensuring that enough high-quality water is available for all purposes, remains one of the key challenges of our time in Europe and is the main aim of EU water policy.

The Water Framework Directive (WFD), which came into force in 2000, established a framework for the assessment, management, protection and improvement of the quality of water resources across the EU. According to the WFD, EU Member States should achieve good status of all bodies of surface water and groundwater by 2015, unless there were reasons for exemptions. In 2009, EU Member States published the first and, in 2015, the second river basin management plans (RBMPs) for achieving the environmental objectives of the WFD. At present, EU Member States are finalising the third RBMPs to be published in 2021 that will frame the management of water resources in the third WFD planning cycle, covering the period up to the end of 2027.

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