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Supply-side measures include the creation of reservoirs, rainwater harvesting, inter-basin water transfers, desalination and water reuse. Some supply-side measures present their own challenges, e.g. by causing physical alterations in the water environment. Some other supply-side measures do not structurally impact water per se, but rather aim at its infrastructure thereof. These include leakage detection and improvement of irrigation techniques. The common agricultural policy of the EU (CAP) supports farmers to invest in water saving irrigation infrastructures and techniques. At the same time, water efficiency should be promoted across economic sectors in an integrated manner. Overall, further evidence-based exchange is needed among experts and countries on the kind of water supply-side options which are more sustainable and need further promotion.

All in all, both demand and supply-side measures have their advantages and shortcomings.  Relying on one type of measures only, is not enough to achieve environmental objectives. Instead, a combination of both sets is desirable to tackle the impacts of water abstractions and scarcity from a consistent and long-term perspective. Techniques may range from water pricing incentives to the reduction of network leakages rates for agricultural businesses (Trémolet 2019).