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Three major types of freshwater aquaculture in European waters can be distinguished (European Commission, n.d.; 2012):

  • Extensive pond farming which consists of maintaining ponds (natural or artificial) with low fish density and natural fish feed. Production in extensive farms is generally low (less than 1 t/ha/y). It is practiced across the whole Europe and is particularly common in Central and Eastern Europe.
  • Semi-intensive freshwater aquaculture, whereby the production of the pond is increased by adding supplementary feed, allowing for higher stocking density and production per hectare.
  • Intensive freshwater aquaculture in tanks, where fish are bred until they reach marketable size. There are two techniques: Either river water enters the tanks upstream and leaves downstream, or the water remains in a closed circuit and is recycled and ‘recirculated’ in the tanks.

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