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In Europe, the decade 2009-2018 was the warmest ever recorded, with the mean annual land surface air temperature being 1.6 to 1.7 °C higher than the pre-industrial levels. Since 2000, Europe has been struck by a sequence of extreme heatwaves (2003, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2017 and 2018) (EEA, 2020c), and it has recorded 11 of the 12 warmest years on record (Figure 3.2). The warmest year ever recorded in Europe was 2019, followed by 2014, 2015 and 2018 (ECMWF, 2019a). Almost the whole European territory is getting warmer; exceptions only cover a few small areas. The largest annual temperature increases are observed in central and eastern Europe. Warming is observed across all seasons, with changes being more pronounced in autumn (ECMWF, 2019a). The number of significantly warm days has doubled between 1960 and 2018 (EEA, 2020c). Water temperatures have also increased in European rivers and lakes. In major European rivers such as the Danube, Rhine and Meuse, water temperatures have increased by 1 to 3 °C over the last century.