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It is estimated that the average area in Europe affected by severe droughts is around 121 000 km² for all years between 2000 and 2016 (Figure 3.6). However, this area was actually highly variable, depending on the annual climatic conditions; e.g. ranging between 50 000 and 350 000 km² each year over the same period. The most affected land use types included forests, scrubs and/or herbaceous vegetation associations, heterogeneous agricultural areas, arable land and permanent crops. Moreover, the most affected geographical areas were the Iberian peninsula and south-western France, measured both in terms of extent of areas under water deficit and in terms of vegetation growth decline. A large part of central Europe and the Balkans (e.g. Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and Slovenia) were also affected by water deficits that caused decline in the vegetation growth (EEA, 2020i).