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Mining and quarrying include a diversity of activities, such as mineral extraction (e.g. coal, ores, petroleum, gas) and  preparatory actions for the supply of materials to the markets (e.g. crushing, grinding, cleaning, drying, sorting, concentrating ores, liquefaction of natural gas, agglomeration of solid fuels). Groundwater is pumped for the drainage of the mining and quarrying sites. Furthermore, water is abstracted and used during processing (e.g. rock crushing, dust depression). Water is returned  to the environment as part of the de-watering process. These discharges contain pollutants, depending on the processing method. In 2017 the share of water abstraction for mining was the highest in western (40 %) and southern Europe (22 %) (EEA, 2018b).

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