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Desalination

In addition, desalination has been mainly applied for drinking water purposes, but not exclusively for that. Currently, the highest share of the installed desalination capacity in Europe lies in the Mediterranean (Map 4.4). Under serious water stress conditions, desalination is becoming a more affordable and reliable option than other solutions for water supply (Hidalgo González et al., 2019) (Figure 4.17). The relevant costs have decreased significantly over the last decades^, and for reverse osmosis of sea water in the Mediterranean they could be around 0.65 €/m³ (World Bank, 2019). For brackish waters the costs could be lower. However, desalination is associated with significant environmental problems such as brine disposal, energy use and CO₂ emissions.