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Here, while the use of non-conventional water resources (regenerated wastewater and desalinated water) could provide viable alternatives, careful consideration of other environmental pressures associated with their production is required. This is specifically relevant for desalinated water. Currently, the highest share of the installed desalination capacity in Europe lies in the Mediterranean (Hidalgo González et al., 2019). Under serious water stress conditions, desalination is becoming a more affordable and reliable option than other solutions for water supply. The relevant costs have fallen as low as 0.30-0.60 €/m3. However, desalination is associated with significant environmental problems such as brine disposal, energy use and CO2 emissions.

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