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The water-energy-land-food nexus is a holistic conceptual framework, which underlines the need for integrated and systemic thinking, as well as for cross-sectorial and multi-scale actions for the protection and management of resources systems (Figure 6.2). While it carries the legacy of the IWRM paradigm, it also considers the experiences gained from its implementation, and it modifies and expands it. Furthermore, adopting the WELF nexus approach in the analysis of environmental systems leads to the acknowledgement that the nature of water, energy, land and food systems is interdependent. This facilitates the identification of synergies and trade-offs between these resources, i.e. additional benefits from simultaneous management of both resources or necessary sacrifices to one resource to gain the benefits from the other resource (Psomas et al., 2018; Ringler et al., 2013).