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4.4.1. How it has been managed?
Algal blooms result from a complex interaction between biological, chemical, meteorological and especially hydrographic conditions, of which only few can be controlled. In order to minimise health risks due to cyanobacteria blooms, phosphorus concentrations should be kept below a ‘carrying capacity’ threshold. In particular, nutrient inputs from agricultural runoff may in many cases be reduced by decreasing the application of agricultural fertilisers, or protecting the shoreline from erosion by planting trees and vegetation along the shoreline in order to create ‘buffer strips’ for pollutants.
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In Italy in consideration of repeated episodes of algal bloom due to the toxic alga Ostreopsis ovata, for coastal marine waters and for cyanobacteria in lake waters, management measures relating to monitoring and risk management have been established with appropriate health limit values to protect bathers' health.
This is indeed interesting! We have added this information into "How it has been managed" section of corresponding subchapter.