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3.2.     Pressures and impact analysis

The WFD defines “good ecological and chemical status” in terms of low levels of chemical pollution as well as a healthy ecosystem. To achieve good ecological status, Member States will have to address the factors affecting water eco-systems. Pollution is one, so are morphological changes such as dams built on rivers. The extraction of water for irrigation or industrial uses can also harm ecosystems if it reduces water levels in rivers or lakes below a critical point.

The status of a water body is greatly influenced by the characteristics of its catchment area (Figure 3.5). The climatic conditions, for example rain, bedrock geology and soil type, all influence the water flow. In addition, soil type impacts on the mineral content of the water. Similarly, human activity affects surface water and groundwater through afforestation, urbanisation, land drainage, pollutant discharge, morphological changes and flow regulation.