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The sources of water pollution are extremely diverse and can vary considerably with geographical location. However, while landfills, forestry, mining, aquaculture and dwellings un-connected to a municipal sewage treatment works, for example, can all be of great importance locally, two broad sources alone contribute most to the freshwater pollution observed across Europe: urban wastewater and diffuse pollution from agriculture. In the current chapter the focus is on describing the effect of policies on reducing emissions to and improving water quality. The main focus is on illustrating the effect of Directive 91/271/EEC concerning urban wastewater treatment and Directive 91/676/EEC relating to nitrate pollution. These two Directives are import for achieving good water quality