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Navigation activities and/or navigation infrastructure works are typically associated with a range of hydromorphological alterations with potential adverse ecological consequences (Figure 4b). Deepening including channel maintenance, dredging, removal or replacement of material is a major activity. Dredging, in turn, is of vital importance to many of the EU’s ports, harbours and waterways - providing and maintaining adequate water depths and hence safe navigational access. Channel works such as channelisation and straightening, training walls or breakwaters often are needed. Bank reinforcement, bank fixation, and embankments (training wall, breakwater, groynes etc.) often have been constructed. Some developments may also involve land claim and/or impoundment. Inland waterways as corridors for spreading invasive species