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3.2.1.      Social vulnerability and resilience

The transformation of natural systems in order to improve socio-economic development often results in a wide range of detrimental impacts upon natural systems (Rapport and Singh 2006). Efforts to reduce these negative impacts require conceptual frameworks that acknowledge coupled human-environment systems and the complex linkages that exist between them (Turner et al. 2003). The social-ecological system, is the proposed analytical unit that comprises societal (human) and ecological subsystems in recursive feedback (Gallopín 2006; Alessa et al. 2008). Fundamentally the social-ecological system acknowledges that ecological and social vulnerability are inextricably inter-dependant, and building resilience in either system requires management that accounts for both components.