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4.3.3.      Types of flooding

Most of the examples in this report are from rivers or ‘fluvial flooding’. But one has to keep in mind there are many sources of flooding, mechanisms of flooding and characteristics of the floods (WG F Drafting Group, Adamson, and Brättemark 2011). The main sources to be distinguished are:

-          Fluvial (rivers, drainage channels, mountain torrents and ephemeral water courses and lakes);

-          Pluvial (urban storm water, rural overland flow or excess water or floods arising from snowmelt);

-          Groundwater ;

-          Sea water (including estuaries and coastal lakes, e.g. due to extreme tidal level and/or storm surges or arising from wave action);

-          Artificial water-bearing infrastructure (failure of infrastructure including sewerage systems, water supply and wastewater treatment systems, artificial navigation channels and impoundments like dams and reservoirs).