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The main mechanisms of flooding are:

-          Natural exceedance;

-          Defence exceedance (overtopping defences);

-          Defence or infrastructural failure (could include breaching or collapse of a flood defence or retention structure but also failure in operation of pumping equipment or gates);

-          Blockage / restriction (flooding due to natural or artificial blockage or restriction of a conveyance channel, could include blockage of sewerage systems as well as restrictive channel structures such as bridges or culverts or arise from ice jams or landslides).