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Where the maintenance and operational measures in general affect the physical characteristics of the flood wave only to a limited extent, it is also true that maintenance measures like extractive dredging, sediment management or vegetation management can have significant effects on the ecosystem services in the riverbed and floodplain. This is even more true for construction measures for navigation and in addition they may influence probability, magnitude and duration of flooding. Construction of levees and flow diversions have the largest impacts on ecosystem services, but at the other hand can be reversed easier (e.g. by dike-openings) than modifications of the river itself (PIANC 2009).