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An SEA is mandatory for a variety of plans and programmes dealing with land use changes including for agriculture or forestry, energy, or water management. An SEA should also be carried out on any plan or programme, which, in view of the likely significant effect on sites, have been determined to require an assessment pursuant to the Habitats Directive (EU 1992, Art. 6 §3).

An SEA sets the framework for future development consent of projects listed in the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive (EIA) (EU 2012b, 2014a). While the SEA process operates at the level of plans and programmes, the EIA Directive operates at the level of individual public and private projects. Thus, development consent for projects ([4]) which are likely to have significant effects on the environment should be granted only after an assessment of its likely environmental effects has been carried out.

[4] The jurisprudence of the Court in relation to the concept ‘project’ is summarized in (EC 2015d)