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Where flooding as such is beneficial for the environment, hard/grey flood protection measures to safeguard industries, infrastructure, settlements and agricultural land often have a negative impact on the environment. In this regard, the floods directive differs from the WFD and BHDs, where measures have a primary focus on improving the environment; some flood protection measures have a negative impact on the quality and amount of ecosystem services provided. NWRMs and other nature-based solutions must bring the necessary flood protection and maintain, restore and improve the ESs delivered by the river and floodplains. However, this will not be possible everywhere and in the neighbourhood of cities, power plants, infrastructure and industries hard flood defences will remain necessary in the interest of the community. There is no binary switch in between grey and green infrastructure, so even when flood defences protecting against the extremes are seen as a societal necessity the idea of greening the grey can be adopted to maintain protection with minimal loss of habitat and ESs.