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Pressures that select for resistance include antibiotic residues as well as contaminants like some metals. Traditionally, the smallest concentration that causes a selection pressure was considered to be the “minimal inhibitory concentration” (MIC) which inhibits growth of susceptible or non-resistant bacteria. More recently, the importance of the “minimal selective concentration” (MSC) has been recognised. This is the lowest concentration at which a selection pressure may have an effect on the relative growth rates of resistant and susceptible bacteria, and can be several times lower than the MIC. (Fig [B]).

Fig [B] Concentrations above the minimum selective concentration select for resistance.