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4.6 Concluding remarks – Looking forward

The main challenges being faced by European cities and towns in terms of managing their rivers and lakes have been recently transforming. Due to improvements in water quality in the last decades, there is now increasing emphasis on improving the physical structure of urban rivers and lakes. In addition to benefiting water ecology, this new focus helps to create aesthetically pleasing open spaces and deal with new challenges such as adaptation to climate change. Having said that, we need to keep in mind that water quality problems are not fully resolved yet in all urban centres around Europe and they partly still remain a big challenge in several cities. There are still open issues in terms of compliance with European urban wastewater treatment requirements, in terms of stormwater management and chemical pollution of sediments.