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Future restoration of urban rivers and lakes also needs to be better balanced and coordinated with interventions in the broader catchment. Cities and towns are frequently affected by the impacts of activities taking place in rural upstream areas either in terms of water quality degradation (e.g. due to diffuse pollution from agriculture) or water flow changes (especially relevant to flood risk which is increased due to the lack of natural water retention upstream).

Last but not least, because of the complexity, multi-functionality and social relevance of river and lake restoration in urban centres, it remains a challenge to design transparent public participation processes and efficient governance structures to accompany urban restoration strategies and projects.