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Demand side measures

Water addressing water stress through tackling water efficiency have been in place for decades. Their implementation has been driven by climate and environmental policies followed in different Member States, and the needs for higher economic efficiency of water providers (e.g. increasing economic profits of water utilities). Southern Member States, where water stress is perceived as an acute and chronic issue, have planned and implemented such measures as part of their pre-WFD water strategies, as well as part of their RBMPs for the WFD. The WFD has placed even more emphasis on such water-demand measures. However, there are several Member States e.g. from the Baltic), where water stress in the context of climate change is not perceived as a significant feature in their RBMPs, and the planning of such measures is weaker (Buchanan et al., 2019)