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How can management of bathing waters be embedded in such transboundary cooperation? First, there is the catchment–based approach, introduced by the EU’s Water Framework Directive (WFD), that treats waters and land bodies within a river catchment as a single system, administered by different parties: land owners, government and agencies, public, non-governmental organisations and so on. The approach also introduces the standard that river catchments in Europe should be managed as a single entity, even across national borders. The effect of land-based pollution sources to aquatic environments should be treated at their source, as they can have a long line of effects throughout the catchment and onward out to the sea. The Baltic and the Adriatic Sea are examples of semi-enclosed seas with higher vulnerability to pollution from freshwater streams.