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Disinfection can affect different genes in different ways (Fig [C]). Particularly in the context of urban waste water, it should be noted that the presence of other substances, such as some metals, can co-select for resistance [EDITING NOTE - why does this matter? super-resistant BUGS OR SOMETHING ELSE?].
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It is important to understand better how the resistance can be enhanced in the UWWTP if it is. Effluent composition veries a lot and identifying co-selection factors may help to also target the measures to be eventually put in place.
A method to assess disinfection efficacy could be based on the quantification of ARGs (Fig [C]). Some genes can even be used as proxy to assess water qaulity in terms of antibiotic resistance load - examples of these are the intI1 integrase gene, or the sul1 gene.
This figure was originaly shown to demonstrate regrowth after disinfection.