References

Allam, M. M. and Eltahir, E. A. B., 2019, ‘Water-Energy-Food Nexus Sustainability in the Upper Blue Nile (UBN) Basin’, Frontiers in Environmental Science 7, p. 5 (DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2019.00005).

Altamirano, M., et al., 2020, Handbook for the Implementation of Nature-based Solutions for Water Security: guidelines for designing an implementation and financing arrangement, Deliverable 7.3 of the H2020 NAIAD project, European Commission, Brussels.

Altinbilek, D., 2006, ‘Water Management in Istanbul’, International Journal of Water Resources Development 22(2), pp. 241-253 (DOI: 10.1080/07900620600709563).

Anonymous, 2020, ‘Right to water’, Right to water (https://www.right2water.eu/).

Aquatech, 2019, ‘Intel plans to be “net water positive” by 2030’ (https://www.aquatechtrade.com/news/industrial-water/intel-2030-ambition-net-water-positive/?utm_term=&utm_content=AQD2020_NB_22&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Nieuwsbrieven_2020&utm_source=RE_emailmarketing&tid=TIDP1828585X795492EA9B8847948E2A42580765F0E5YI2&noactioncode=1) accessed 8 December 2020.

Arroita, M., et al., 2015, ‘Impact of water abstraction on storage and breakdown of coarse organic matter in mountain streams’, Science of The Total Environment 503-504, pp. 233-240 (DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.124).

Bastings, S., et al., 2011, Maasafvoerverdrag Vlaanderen-Nederland; 15 jaar ervaring (Meuse discharge treaty Flanders-Netherlands; 15 years of experience) (in Dutch), No H2O /02 2011 (https://edepot.wur.nl/339754) accessed 17 December 2020.

Benejam, L., et al., 2010, ‘Assessing effects of water abstraction on fish assemblages in Mediterranean streams’, Freshwater Biology 55(3), pp. 628-642 (DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02299.x).

Benitez Sanz, C., et al., 2018, “EU Water and Marine Measures Data base”. Deliverable to Task B2 of the BLUE2 project “Study on EU integrated policy assessment for the freshwater and marine environment, on the economic benefits of EU water policy and on the costs of its non- implementation, European Commision, Brussels (https://ec.europa.eu/environment/blue2_study/pdf/BLUE2_B2_FINAL_REPORT.pdf) accessed 16 December 2020.

Benito, P., et al., 2009, Study on Water Efficiency Standards, No 070307/2008/5208889/ETU/D2, European Commission, Paris (https://www.sdu.dk/-/media/files/om_sdu/institutter/iti/forskning/nato+arw/literature/water+efficiency+standards_study2009.pdf) accessed 16 December 2020.

Berbel, J., et al., 2018, ‘Impacts of irrigation efficiency improvement on water use, water consumption and response to water price at field level’, Agricultural Water Management 203, pp. 423-429 (DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2018.02.026).

Berlin.de, 2020, ‘Berlin was the warmest state in Germany in 2019’, berlin.de (https://www.berlin.de/en/news/6025435-5559700-berlin-warmest-state-2019.en.html) accessed 5 December 2020.

BIO by Deloitte, 2015, Optimising water reuse in the EU – Final report prepared for the European Commission (DG ENV), Part I. In collaboration with ICF and Cranfield University, Publications Office, LU.

Bizikova, L., et al., 2013, The Water–Energy–Food Security Nexus: Towards a practical planning and decision-support framework for landscape investment and risk management, International Institute for Sustainable Development, Manitoba (https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/wef_nexus_2013.pdf) accessed 9 December 2020.

Buchanan, L., et al., 2019, Integrated assessment of the 2nd river basin management plans: EU-wide storyline report.,.

Carvalho, L., et al., 2019, ‘Protecting and restoring Europe’s waters: An analysis of the future development needs of the Water Framework Directive’, Science of The Total Environment 658, pp. 1228-1238 (DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.255).

De Stefano, L., et al., 2015, ‘Groundwater use in Spain: an overview in light of the EU Water Framework Directive’, International Journal of Water Resources Development 31(4), pp. 640-656 (DOI: 10.1080/07900627.2014.938260).

Delgoulet, É., 2015, ‘The future of water resource availability in France: how is the agricultural sector taken into account in foresight studies?’, Centre for studies and strategic foresight (https://agriculture.gouv.fr/sites/minagri/files/cep_analysis68_the_future_of_water_resource_availability_in_france.pdf) accessed 15 December 2020.

Digital Water City, 2020, ‘Augmented Reality (AR) mobile application for groundwater visualisation’, Digital water city (https://www.digital-water.city/solution/augmented-reality-ar-mobile-application-for-groundwater-visualization/).

Drewes, J., et al., 2017, Characterization of unplanned water reuse in the EU, No 070201/2017/758172/SER/EMV.C.1, technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/pdf/Report-UnplannedReuse_TUM_FINAL_Oct-2017.pdf).

Dumont, A., et al., 2013, ‘Is the Rebound Effect or Jevons Paradox a Useful Concept for better Management of Water Resources? Insights from the Irrigation Modernisation Process in Spain’, Aquatic Procedia 1, pp. 64-76 (DOI: 10.1016/j.aqpro.2013.07.006).

Dworak, T., et al., 2007, EU Water saving potential (Part 1 –Report) ENV.D.2/ETU/2007/0001r, No ENV.D.2/ETU/2007/0001r, Ecologic, Berlin (https://www.ecologic.eu/sites/files/download/projekte/900-949/917/917_water_saving_1.pdf) accessed 8 December 2020.

EC, 2000, ‘Directive 2000//60/EC  of the European Parliament and of the Council. establishing  a  framework  for  Community  action  in  the  field  of  water  policy’ (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:5c835afb-2ec6-4577-bdf8-756d3d694eeb.0004.02/DOC_1&format=PDF).

EC, 2007, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council — Addressing the challenge of water scarcity and droughts in the European Union (COM(2007) 414 final of 18 July 2007).

EC, 2008, Follow up Report to the Communication on water scarcity and droughts in the European Union COM(2007) 414 final. Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament., No COM(2008) 875 final, EC, Brussels (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52008DC0875) accessed 12 April 2020.

EC, 2009, ‘Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC’, European Commission (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32009L0028) accessed 17 December 2020.

EC, 2010a, ‘Communication from the Commission Europe 2020 - A European strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth’, European Commission (https://ec.europa.eu/eu2020/pdf/COMPLET%20EN%20BARROSO%20%20%20007%20-%20Europe%202020%20-%20EN%20version.pdf) accessed 17 December 2020.

EC, 2010b, Second Follow-up Report to the Communication on water scarcity and droughts in the European Union COM (2007) 414 final. Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, No COM(2010)228 final, EC, Brussels (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52010DC0228) accessed 12 April 2020.

EC, 2011a, ‘Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions’, EC (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52011DC0571) accessed 12 April 2020.

EC, 2011b, Third Follow up Report to the Communication on water scarcity and droughts in the European Union COM (2007) 414 final. Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council, No COM(2011) 133 final, EC, Brussels (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52011DC0133) accessed 12 April 2020.

EC, 2012, ‘A Blueprint to Safeguard Europe’s Water Resources. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee of the Regions’, EC (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52012DC0673) accessed 12 April 2020.

EC, 2013a, ‘An EU Strategy on adaptation to climate change. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee of the Regions, COM(2013) 216 final.’, Euorpean Commission (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52013DC0216) accessed 12 March 2020.

EC, 2013b, Resource and Economic Efficiency of Water Distribution Networks in the EU, No ENV.D.1/SER/2010/0029), Eurpean Commission, Brussels (https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/quantity/pdf/Final%20REE%20Report%20Oct%202013.pdf) accessed 7 December 2020.

EC, 2015a, ‘Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions and the European Investment Bank A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy.’, European Commission (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2015:80:FIN).

EC, 2015b, ‘Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions Closing the loop - An EU action plan for the Circular Economy COM/2015/0614 final’, European Commission (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52015DC0614) accessed 17 December 2020.

EC, 2015c, EU Reference Scenario 2016Energy, transport and GHG emissions Trends to 2050, EC (https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/20160713%20draft_publication_REF2016_v13.pdf) accessed 8 December 2020.

EC, 2015d, Guidance document on the application of water balances for supporting the implementation of the WFD: final : version 6.1 – 18/05/2015., Publications Office, LU.

EC, 2016, Ecological flows in the implementation of the Water Framework Directive: guidance document n°31., Publications Office, LU.

EC, 2018a, Annexes to the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on minimum requirements for water reuse (COM(2018) 337 final).

EC, 2018b, ‘EU budget: Commission proposes to increase funding to support the environment and climate action’, European Commission (https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_18_4002) accessed 17 December 2020.

EC, 2018c, The 2018 ageing report: economic & budgetary projections for the 28 EU Member States (2016 2070)., Publications Office, LU.

EC, 2019a, ‘Agri-food trade in 2018’, EC (https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/news/documents/agri-food-trade-2018_en.pdf) accessed 7 December 2020.

EC, 2019b, ‘Commission Staff Working Document: European Overview - River Basin Management Plans. Accompanying the document, Report from the Commissions to the European Parliament and the Council, implementation of the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) and the Floods Directive (2007/60/EC) Second River Basin Management Plans First Flood Risk Management Plans’, European Commission (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=SWD:2019:30:FIN&qid=1551267381862&from=EN) accessed 12 March 2020.

EC, 2019c, ‘Commission takes Spain to Court for failure to protect the Doñana Wetlands’, European Commission (https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_19_466) accessed 16 December 2020.

EC, 2019d, ‘Ensuring EU legislation supports innovation’, European Commission (https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/law-and-regulations/innovation-friendly-legislation_en) accessed 17 December 2020.

EC, 2019e, EU agricultural outlook for markets and income 2019-2030., Publications Office, LU.

EC, 2019f, Fitness Check of the Water Framework Directive and the Floods Directive, No SWD(2019) 439, Brussels (https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/fitness_check_of_the_eu_water_legislation/documents/Water%20Fitness%20Check%20-%20SWD(2019)439%20-%20web.pdf).

EC, 2019g, ‘International Cooperation under the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) -Factsheets for International River Basins- Commission staff working document-Accompanying the document- Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) and the Floods Directive (2007/60/EC)Second River Basin Management PlansFirst Flood Risk Management Plans’, EC (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:6cfb451c-39d3-11e9-8d04-01aa75ed71a1.0001.02/DOC_1&format=PDF) accessed 8 December 2020.

EC, 2019h, ‘Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on “Reflection Paper ‘Towards a Sustainable Europe by 2030’”’, European Commission (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52019AE0917&from=EN) accessed 17 December 2020.

EC, 2019i, Position paper on water, energy, food and ecosystems (WEFE) nexus and sustainable development goals (SDGs)., Publications Office, LU.

EC, 2019j, ‘The European Green Deal-COM/2019/640 final. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions’, EC (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52019DC0640&from=EN) accessed 12 April 2020.

EC, 2020a, ‘Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions A new Circular Economy Action Plan For a cleaner and more competitive Europe - COM/2020/98 final.’, EC (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0098&from=EN) accessed 12 April 2020.

EC, 2020b, ‘Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions - A New Industrial Strategy for Europe COM/2020/102 final’, European Commission (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1593086905382&uri=CELEX:52020DC0102) accessed 17 December 2020.

EC, 2020c, ‘Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions Powering a climate-neutral economy: An EU Strategy for Energy System Integration COM/2020/299 final’, European Commission (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=COM:2020:299:FIN) accessed 17 December 2020.

EC, 2020d, Evaluation of the impact of the CAP on water: final report., Publications Office, LU.

EC, 2020e, ‘Natural Capital Accounting’, European Commission (https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/capital_accounting/index_en.htm) accessed 17 December 2020.

EC, 2020f, ‘Regulation (EU) 2020/741 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 May 2020 on minimum requirements for water reuse’, European Commission (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32020R0741) accessed 17 December 2020.

EC, 2020g, Shaping Europe’s digital future., Publications Office, LU.

EC, 2020h, Towards a sustainable food system :moving from food as a commodity to food as more of a common good : independent expert report., Publications Office, LU.

ECMWF, 2019a, ‘European temperature’, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (https://climate.copernicus.eu/ESOTC/2019/european-temperature) accessed 8 December 2020.

ECMWF, 2019b, ‘European wet and dry conditions’, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (https://climate.copernicus.eu/ESOTC/2019/european-wet-and-dry-conditions) accessed 8 December 2020.

EEA, ed., 2005, Effectiveness of urban wastewater treatment policies in selected countries: an EEA pilot study, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen.

EEA, 2009, Water resources across Europe — confronting water scarcity and drought, EEA Report No 2/2009, European Environment Agency (http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/water-resources-across-europe).

EEA, 2012a, Towards efficient use of water resources in Europe, EEA Report No 1/2012, European Environment Agency (http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/towards-efficient-use-of-water) accessed 12 July 2012.

EEA, 2012b, Water resources in Europe in the context of vulnerability, EEA Report No 11/2012, European Environment Agency.

EEA, 2013a, Assessment of cost recovery through water pricing, EEA Technical Report No 16/2013, European Environment Agency.

EEA, ed., 2013b, Balancing the future of Europe’s coasts: knowledge base for integrated management, European Environment Agency [u.a.], Copenhagen.

EEA, 2014, National adaptation policy processes in European countries - 2014, EUR-OP, Luxembourg.

EEA, et al., 2014, Public participation, contributing to better water management: experiences from eight case studies across Europe., Publications Office, LU (https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2800/20918) accessed 4 December 2020.

EEA, 2015, Water-retention potential of Europe’s forests: a European overview to support natural water retention measures., Publications Office, LU.

EEA, 2016a, ‘Agrophenology - CLIM 031’, European Environment Agency (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/timing-of-the-cycle-of-2/assessment) accessed 7 December 2020.

EEA, 2016b, ‘Crop water demand - CLIM 033’, Crop water demand (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/water-requirement-2/assessment) accessed 7 December 2020.

EEA, 2016c, ‘Growing season for agricultural crops-CLIM 030’, European Environment Agency (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/growing-season-for-agricultural-crops-2/assessment) accessed 7 December 2020.

EEA, 2016d, ‘Habitats of European interest - SEBI 005’, European Environment Agency (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/habitats-of-european-interest-1/assessment) accessed 8 December 2020.

EEA, 2016e, ‘Heavy precipitation in Europe -CLIM 004’, Heavy precipitation (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/precipitation-extremes-in-europe-3/assessment-1) accessed 7 December 2020.

EEA, 2016f, ‘Population trends 1950 – 2100: globally and within Europe - Outlook 042’, Population trends 1950 – 2100: globally and within Europe (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/total-population-outlook-from-unstat-3/assessment-1) accessed 7 December 2020.

EEA, 2016g, ‘River flow (CLIM 016)’, European Environment Agency (https://www.eea.europa.eu/ds_resolveuid/IND-103-en) accessed 8 June 2018.

EEA, 2016h, ‘Snow cover (CLIM 008)’, European Environment Agency (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/snow-cover-3/assessment) accessed 26 September 2018.

EEA, 2016i, ‘Water temperature (CLIM 019)’, European Environment Agency (https://www.eea.europa.eu/ds_resolveuid/IND-202-en) accessed 8 June 2018.

EEA, 2016j, ‘Water-limited crop yield - CLIM 032’, European Environment Agency (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/crop-yield-variability-2/assessment) accessed 7 December 2020.

EEA, 2017a, Climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction in Europe: Enhancing coherence of the knowledge base, policies and practices, EEA Report No 15/2017, European Environment Agency (https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/climate-change-adaptation-and-disaster) accessed 10 April 2019.

EEA, 2017b, Dams database (DAMPOS), European Envionment Agency, Copenhagen.

EEA, 2017c, Food in a green light: a systems approach to sustainable food, Publications Office, LU.

EEA, 2017d, Landscapes in transition — an account of 25 years of land cover change in Europe, EEA Report No 10/2017, European Environment Agency (https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/landscapes-in-transition).

EEA, 2017e, ‘Mean precipitation (CLIM 002)’, European Environment Agency (https://www.eea.europa.eu/ds_resolveuid/IND-91-en) accessed 9 April 2019.

EEA, 2017f, ‘Soil moisture - LSI 007’, Soil moisture (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/water-retention-4/assessment) accessed 7 December 2020.

EEA, 2017g, Water management in Europe: price and non price approaches to water conservation., Publications Office, LU.

EEA, 2018a, Europe’s rivers, lakes and seas are under pressure from pollution, over-exploitation and climate change. How can we ensure a sustainable use of this vital resource?, EEA signals No 2443-7662, European Envionment Agency, Copenhagen (https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/eea-signals-2018-water-is-life).

EEA, 2018b, ‘Use of freshwater resources (CSI 018/WAT 001)’, European Environment Agency (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/use-of-freshwater-resources-2/assessment-3) accessed 6 March 2019.

EEA, 2018c, ‘WISE Water Framework Directive (data viewer)’, WISE WFD data viewer (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/dashboards/wise-wfd) accessed 12 March 2020.

EEA, 2019a, Climate change adaptation in the agriculture sector in Europe.,.

EEA, 2019b, Climate change adaptation in the agriculture sector in Europe, EEA Report No 4/2019, European Environment Agency.

EEA, 2019c, ‘Economic losses from climate-related extremes in Europe - CLIM 039’, European Environment Agency (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/direct-losses-from-weather-disasters-3/assessment-2) accessed 8 December 2019.

EEA, 2019d, Industrial waste water treatment: pressures on Europe’s environment.,.

EEA, 2019e, ‘Land take in Europe - LSI 001’, European Environment Agency (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/land-take-3/assessment) accessed 7 December 2020.

EEA, 2019f, ‘Landscape fragmentation pressure and trends in Europe-LSI 004’, European Environment Agency (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/mobility-and-urbanisation-pressure-on-ecosystems-2/assessment) accessed 7 December 2020.

EEA, 2019g, ‘Meteorological and hydrological droughts (CLIM 018)’, European Environment Agency (https://www.eea.europa.eu/ds_resolveuid/IND-105-en) accessed 9 April 2019.

EEA, 2019h, Seasonal water exploitation index plus (WEI+), sub river basin district scale, (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/seasonal-water-exploitation-index-plus-1) accessed 8 December 2020, European Environment Agency, Europe.

EEA, 2019i, ‘Soil moisture dashboard’, European Environment Agency (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/data-viewers/soil-moisture) accessed 15 December 2020.

EEA, 2019j, The European environment — state and outlook 2020: knowledge for transition to a sustainable Europe, European Environment Agency (https://www.eea.europa.eu/soer-2020) accessed 9 December 2019.

EEA, 2019k, ‘Water intensity of crop production in Europe - WAT 006’, European Environment Agency (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/economic-water-productivity-of-irrigated-2/assessment) accessed 7 December 2020.

EEA, 2019l, ‘WISE Water Accounts database for Europe’, WISE Water Accounts database for Europe (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/wise-water-accounts-database) accessed 12 April 2020.

EEA, 2020a, Average annual change in soil sealing, 2006-2015, (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/average-annual-increase-of-sealing-2) accessed 7 December 2020, EEA, Europe.

EEA, 2020b, ‘Ecosystem coverage (SEBI 004)’, Ecosyetem coverage (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/ecosystem-coverage-3/assessment) accessed 12 March 2020.

EEA, 2020c, ‘Global and European temperatures (CLIM 001)’, Global and European temperatures (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/global-and-european-temperature-10/assessment) accessed 12 March 2020.

EEA, 2020d, ‘Imperviousness and imperviousness change in Europe - LSI 002’, European Environment Agency (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/imperviousness-change-2/assessment) accessed 7 December 2020.

EEA, 2020e, Imperviousness density in 2015, (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/map-showing-based-on-a-2) accessed 7 December 2020, EEA, Europe.

EEA, 2020f, State of nature in the EU: results from reporting under the nature directives 2013 2018., Publications Office, LU.

EEA, 2020g, ‘State of nature online’, State of Nature 2020 (https://tableau.discomap.eea.europa.eu/t/Natureonline/views/SONConservationstatusandtrend/Story1?:isGuestRedirectFromVizportal=y&:display_count=n&:showAppBanner=false&:origin=viz_share_link&:showVizHome=n&:embed=y) accessed 7 December 2020.

EEA, 2020h, Trend in runoff during the driest month of the year in Europe (1951-2015), (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/trend-in-runoff-of-driest) accessed 19 December 2020, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen.

EEA, 2020i, ‘Vegetation response to water deficit in Europe - LSI 011’, Vegetation response to water deficit in Europe (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/drought-impact-on-vegetation-productivity/assessment) accessed 7 December 2020.

EEA, 2020j, ‘Waterbase - Water Quantity’, European Environment Agency (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/waterbase-water-quantity-12) accessed 17 December 2020.

EEA, 2109, ‘Land cover and change statistics 2000-2018’, European Environment Agency (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/dashboards/land-cover-and-change-statistics) accessed 7 December 2020.

Elmi, M., et al., 2018, The Alps in 25 maps,.

Endo, A., et al., 2017, ‘A review of the current state of research on the water, energy, and food nexus’, Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 11, pp. 20-30 (DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrh.2015.11.010).

Eslamian, S. and Eslamian, F., 2017, Environmental impacts and analysis of drought and water scarcity,.

ETC/ICM, 2016, Use of freshwater resources in Europe 2002–2012. Supplementary document to the European Environment Agency’s core set indicator 018, Thematic Assessment No 1/2016, European Topic Centre on inland, coastal and marine waters, Magdeburg, Germany (https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-icm/products/etc-icm-reports/use-of-freshwater-resources-in-europe-2002-2012-supplementary-document-to-the-european-environment-agency2019s-core-set-indicator-018) accessed 12 April 2020.

EU COR, 2011, Water scarcity and desertification: a survey on the ground analysis result Europe 2020 MP survey : the role of regional and local authorities in promoting a sustainable water policy., Publications Office, LU.

EurEau, 2017, Europe’s water in figures -An overview of the European drinking waterand waste water sectors, No 2017 Edition, The European Federation of National Water Associations, Brussels (https://www.danva.dk/media/3645/eureau_water_in_figures.pdf) accessed 16 December 2020.

European Parliament, 2020, ‘Fact Sheets on the European Union - Innovation policy’, European Parliament (https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/67/innovation-policy) accessed 17 December 2020.

Eurostat, 2019a, ‘Agricultural production - crops’, Eurostat (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Agricultural_production_-_crops#Cereals) accessed 17 December 2020.

Eurostat, 2019b, Agriculture, forestry and fishery statistics: 2019 edition., Publications Office, LU.

Eurostat, 2020a, ‘National accounts aggregates by industry (up to NACE A*64)[nama_10_a64]’, Database (https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=nama_10_a64&lang=en) accessed 4 January 2021.

Eurostat, 2020b, ‘Number of nights spent’, Eurostat (http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-328785_QID_-2C08D1D0_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;GEO,L,Y,0;UNIT,L,Z,0;PURPOSE,L,Z,1;DURATION,L,Z,2;PARTNER,L,Z,3;INDICATORS,C,Z,4;&zSelection=DS-328785DURATION,N_GE1;DS-328785INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;DS-328785PARTNER,WORLD;DS-328785UNIT,NR;DS-328785PURPOSE,TOTAL;&rankName1=PARTNER_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=UNIT_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName4=DURATION_1_2_-1_2&rankName5=PURPOSE_1_2_-1_2&rankName6=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName7=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=NONE&time_most_recent=false&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23) accessed 8 December 2020.

Eurostat, 2020c, ‘Population change - Demographic balance and crude rates at national level’, Eurostat (http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-054722_QID_-2CB55451_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;GEO,L,Y,0;INDIC_DE,L,Z,0;INDICATORS,C,Z,1;&zSelection=DS-054722INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;DS-054722INDIC_DE,JAN;&rankName1=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName2=GEO_1_2_0_1&rankName3=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName4=INDIC-DE_1_2_-1_2&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&time_most_recent=false&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23) accessed 8 December 2020.

Eurostat, 2020d, ‘Population change - Demographic balance and crude rates at regional level (NUTS 3)’, Eurostat (http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-115351_QID_3AFD2150_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;GEO,B,Y,0;INDIC_DE,L,Z,0;INDICATORS,C,Z,1;&zSelection=DS-115351INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;DS-115351INDIC_DE,JAN;&rankName1=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=INDIC-DE_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName4=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&time_most_recent=false&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23) accessed 8 December 2020.

Eurostat, 2020e, ‘Production in industry - annual data’, Eurostat (https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=sts_inpr_a&lang=en) accessed 8 December 2020.

Eurostat, 2020f, ‘Water abstraction by source and sector’ (http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=env_wat_abs) accessed 17 December 2020.

Eurostat, 2020g, ‘What kind of energy do we consume in the EU?’, Eurostat (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/infographs/energy/bloc-3a.html) accessed 18 December 2020.

Feargemann, H., 2012, ‘Update on Water Scarcity and Droughts indicator development’, European Commission (https://circabc.europa.eu/ui/group/9ab5926d-bed4-4322-9aa7-9964bbe8312d/library/c676bfc6-e1c3-41df-8d31-38ad6341cbf9/details) accessed 15 December 2020.

Feyen, L., et al., 2020, Climate change impacts and adaptation in Europe: JRC PESETA IV final report.,.

FOEN, 2020a, ‘Annual mean temperature’, Indicator climate (https://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/en/home/themen/thema-klima/klima--daten--indikatoren-und-karten/klima--indikatoren/indikator-klima.pt.html/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuaW5kaWthdG9yZW4uYWRtaW4uY2gvUHVibG/ljL0FlbURldGFpbD9pbmQ9S0wwMjImbG5nPWVuJlN1Ymo9Tg%3d%3d.html) accessed 8 December 2020.

FOEN, 2020b, ‘Glacier retreat’, Indicator climate (https://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/en/home/themen/thema-klima/klima--daten--indikatoren-und-karten/klima--indikatoren/indikator-klima.pt.html/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuaW5kaWthdG9yZW4uYWRtaW4uY2gvUHVibG/ljL0FlbURldGFpbD9pbmQ9S0wwNjUmbG5nPWVuJlN1Ymo9Tg%3d%3d.html) accessed 8 December 2020.

FOEN, 2020c, ‘Mean flow’, Indicator climate (https://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/en/home/themen/thema-wasser/wasser--daten--indikatoren-und-karten/wasser--indikatoren/indikator-wasser.pt.html/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuaW5kaWthdG9yZW4uYWRtaW4uY2gvUHVibG/ljL0FlbURldGFpbD9pbmQ9V1MwMTkmbG5nPWVuJlN1Ymo9Tg%3d%3d.html) accessed 8 December 2020.

FOEN, 2020d, ‘Snow pack’, Indicator climate (https://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/en/home/themen/thema-wasser/wasser--daten--indikatoren-und-karten/wasser--indikatoren/indikator-wasser.pt.html/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuaW5kaWthdG9yZW4uYWRtaW4uY2gvUHVibG/ljL0FlbURldGFpbD9pbmQ9V1MxMDYmbG5nPWVuJlN1Ymo9Tg%3d%3d.html) accessed 8 December 2020.

Giakoumis, T. and Voulvoulis, N., 2018, ‘The Transition of EU Water Policy Towards the Water Framework Directive’s Integrated River Basin Management Paradigm’, Environmental Management 62(5), pp. 819-831 (DOI: 10.1007/s00267-018-1080-z).

Gleick, P. H., 1996, ‘Basic Water Requirements for Human Activities: Meeting Basic Needs’, Water International 21(2), pp. 83-92 (DOI: 10.1080/02508069608686494).

Global Water Partnership, 2000, Integrated water resources management, Global water partnership, Stockholm.

Gómez, C. M. and Pérez-Blanco, C. D., 2014, ‘Simple Myths and Basic Maths About Greening Irrigation’, Water Resources Management 28(12), pp. 4035-4044 (DOI: 10.1007/s11269-014-0725-9).

Green, A. J., et al., 2016, ‘Doñana Wetlands (Spain)’, in: Finlayson, C. M. et al. (eds), The Wetland Book, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp. 1-14.

Grizzetti, B., et al., 2017, ‘Human pressures and ecological status of European rivers’, Scientific Reports 7(1), p. 205 (DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00324-3).

Harris, C., 2018, ‘Heat, hardship and horrible harvests: Europe’s drought explained’, Euronews, 12 August 2018 (https://www.euronews.com/2018/08/10/explained-europe-s-devastating-drought-and-the-countries-worst-hit) accessed 12 March 2020.

Helmholtz-Klima-Initiative, 2020, ‘What were the warmest years in Germany? What heat records were set?’, Helmholtz-Klima-Initiative (https://www.helmholtz-klima.de/en/faq/what-were-warmest-years-germany-what-heat-records-were-set) accessed 17 December 2020.

Hervás-Gámez, C. and Delgado-Ramos, F., 2019, ‘Drought Management Planning Policy: From Europe to Spain’, Sustainability 11(7), p. 1862 (DOI: 10.3390/su11071862).

Hidalgo González, I., et al., 2019, Water - energy nexus in Europe., JRC.

IEA and OECD, 2010, World energy outlook 2016, OECD/IEA, Paris.

Iglesias, A., et al., 2007, ‘Challenges to Manage the Risk of Water Scarcity and Climate Change in the Mediterranean’, Water Resources Management 21(5), pp. 775-788 (DOI: 10.1007/s11269-006-9111-6).

IPBES, 2019, Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services, Zenodo (https://zenodo.org/record/3553579) accessed 17 December 2020.

Jin, Y., et al., 2019, ‘Water use of electricity technologies: A global meta-analysis’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 115, p. 109391 (DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.109391).

Josefsson, H., 2012, ‘Achieving Ecological Objectives’, Laws 1(1), pp. 39-63 (DOI: 10.3390/laws1010039).

JRC, 2012a, A multi-criteria optimisation of scenarios for the protection of water resources in Europe: support to the EU blueprint to safeguard Europe’s waters., Publications Office, LU.

JRC, 2012b, Evaluation of the effectiveness of natural water retention measures: support to the EU blueprint to safeguard Europe’s waters., Publications Office, LU.

JRC, 2015, European cities, territorial analysis of characteristics and trends: an application of the LUISA Modelling Platform (EU Reference Scenario 2013 Updated Configuration 2014)., Publications Office, LU.

JRC, 2017, The potential of water reuse for agricultural irrigation in the EU: a hydro economic analysis., Publications Office, LU.

JRC, 2020a, ‘Animation of Combined Drought Indicator (CDI) maps during last year’, European Drought Observatory (http://edo.jrc.ec.europa.eu/edov2/php/index.php?id=1153) accessed 12 March 2020.

JRC, 2020b, Climate change and Europe’s water resources., Publications Office, LU.

JRC, 2020c, Mapping and assessment of ecosystems and their services: an EU wide ecosystem assessment in support of the EU biodiversity strategy., Publications Office, LU.

Kampa, E., et al., 2020, ‘Fishfriendly Innovative Technologies for Hydropower-Review of policy requirements and financing instruments’, Ecologic (https://www.fithydro.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Fithydro_D5.1_V2final.pdf) accessed 8 December 2020.

Karabulut, A., et al., 2016, ‘Mapping water provisioning services to support the ecosystem–water–food–energy nexus in the Danube river basin’, Ecosystem Services 17, pp. 278-292 (DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.08.002).

Keskinen, M., et al., 2015, ‘Water-Energy-Food Nexus in a Transboundary River Basin: The Case of Tonle Sap Lake, Mekong River Basin’, Water 2015 7(10), pp. 5416-5436 (DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w7105416).

Konzmann, M., et al., 2013, ‘Climate impacts on global irrigation requirements under 19 GCMs, simulated with a vegetation and hydrology model’, Hydrological Sciences Journal 58(1), pp. 88-105 (DOI: 10.1080/02626667.2013.746495).

Kristensen, P., et al., 2018, European waters: assessment of status and pressures 2018.,.

Leck, H., et al., 2015, ‘Tracing the Water–Energy–Food Nexus: Description, Theory and Practice’, Geography Compass 9(8), pp. 445-460 (DOI: 10.1111/gec3.12222).

Maréchal, J.-C. and Rouillard, J., 2020, ‘Groundwater in France: Resources, Use and Management Issues’, in: Rinaudo, J.-D. et al. (eds), Sustainable Groundwater Management, Global Issues in Water Policy, Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 17-45.

Martin-Nagle, R., et al., 2012, ‘The Water, Energy and Food Security Nexus – Solutions for the Green Economy”, Conference Synopsis’, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU); Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ); OOSKAnews, Inc (https://wocatpedia.net/images/c/c7/The_Water%2C_Energy_and_Food_Security_Nexus_-_Solutions_for_the_Green_Economy%2C_Conference_Synopsis_%28February_2012%29.pdf) accessed 8 December 2020.

Mekonnen, M. M. and Hoekstra, A. Y., 2011, ‘The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products’, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15(5), pp. 1577-1600 (DOI: 10.5194/hess-15-1577-2011).

Mekonnen, M. M. and Hoekstra, A. Y., 2012, ‘A Global Assessment of the Water Footprint of Farm Animal Products’, Ecosystems 15(3), pp. 401-415 (DOI: 10.1007/s10021-011-9517-8).

Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Waterstaat, 2019, Nederland beter weerbaar tegen droogte Eindrapportage Beleidstafel Droogte (the Netherlands more resilient against drought. Final report of the Policy Dialogue on drought), Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Waterstaat (https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/rapporten/2019/12/18/eindrapportage-beleidstafel-droogte/eindrapportage-beleidstafel-droogte.pdf) accessed 17 December 2020.

Mostert, E., 1999, ‘Case study: International co-operation in the Scheldt and Meuse river basins’, RBA Centre TU Delft (https://www.gwp.org/globalassets/global/toolbox/case-studies/europe/international-co-operation-in-the-scheldt-and-meuse-river-basins-28.pdf) accessed 9 December 2020.

Moya, J., et al., 2020, ‘Hydrogen use in EU decarbonisation scenarios’, JRC (https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/jrcsh/files/final_insights_into_hydrogen_use_public_version.pdf) accessed 16 December 2020.

Muñoz-Reinoso, J. C., 2001, ‘Vegetation changes and groundwater abstraction in SW Doñana, Spain’, Journal of Hydrology 242(3-4), pp. 197-209 (DOI: 10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00397-8).

OECD, 2015, Drying Wells, Rising Stakes: Towards Sustainable Agricultural Groundwater Use, OECD.

OECD, 2019, Spain country report, OECD, Paris (http://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/financing-water-supply-sanitation-and-flood-protection-spain-workshop.pdf) accessed 16 December 2020.

Paul, C., et al., 2019, ‘Rebound effects in agricultural land and soil management: Review and analytical framework’, Journal of Cleaner Production 227, pp. 1054-1067 (DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.115).

Petersen, J. E., 2019, ‘EU Natural Capital Accounting and the KIP INCA project – an EEA perspective’, presentation given at: European water accounts, Copenhagen, 6 June 2019.

Petita, M., et al., 2017, ‘Climate change-How it affects the Alps and what we can do’, Alpine Convention Secretariat (https://www.alpconv.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/AlpineConventionFolder_Climate_Change_2017_EN_reverse.pdf) accessed 8 December 2020.

Psomas, A., et al., 2018, ‘MCDA approach for agricultural water management in the context of water–energy–land–food nexus’, Operational Research (DOI: 10.1007/s12351-018-0436-8).

Quevauviller, P. and Gemmer, M., 2015, ‘EU and international policies for hydrometeorological risks: Operational aspects and link to climate action’, Advances in Climate Change Research 6(1), pp. 74-79 (DOI: 10.1016/j.accre.2015.09.002).

Ramieri, E., et al., 2018, Adaptation policies and knowledge base in transnational regions in Europe, European Topic Centre on Climate Change impacts, vulnerability and Adaptation (ETC/CCA) (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329707734_Adaptation_policies_and_knowledge_base_in_transnational_regions_in_Europe) accessed 19 December 2020.

Ramos, V., et al., 2018, ‘Environmental Flows Under the WFD Implementation’, Water Resources Management 32(15), pp. 5115-5149 (DOI: 10.1007/s11269-018-2137-8).

Raskin, P. and Gleick, P., 1997, Comprehensive assessment of the freshwater resources of the world: water futures: assessment of long-range patterns and problems, Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm.

Reusswig, F., et al., 2016, Anpassung an die Folgen des Klimawandels in Berlin (AFOK). Klimaschutz Teilkonzept. Teil I: Hauptbericht; Teil II: Materialien, AFOK, Berlin (https://www.berlin.de/sen/uvk/klimaschutz/anpassung-an-den-klimawandel/programm-zur-anpassung-an-die-folgen-des-klimawandels/) accessed 17 December 2020.

Ringler, C., et al., 2013, ‘The nexus across water, energy, land and food (WELF): potential for improved resource use efficiency?’, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 5(6), pp. 617-624 (DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2013.11.002).

Rouillard, J., et al., 2018, ‘Protecting and Restoring Biodiversity across the Freshwater, Coastal and Marine Realms: Is the existing EU policy framework fit for purpose?: Protecting and restoring aquatic biodiversity’, Environmental Policy and Governance 28(2), pp. 114-128 (DOI: 10.1002/eet.1793).

Russo, S., et al., 2015, ‘Top ten European heatwaves since 1950 and their occurrence in the coming decades’, Environmental Research Letters 10(12), p. 124003 (DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124003).

Schulte, P., 2020, ‘Defining Water Scarcity, Water Stress, and Water Risk’, Defining Water Scarcity, Water Stress, and Water Risk (https://pacinst.org/water-definitions/) accessed 15 December 2020.

Stein, U., et al., 2016, ‘European Drought and Water Scarcity Policies’, in: Bressers, H. et al. (eds), Governance for Drought Resilience, Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 17-43.

Stenmarck, Å., et al., 2016, Estimates of European food waste levels,.

TNO, et al., 2014, Pilot project on availability, use and sustainability of water production of nuclear and fossil energy – Geo-localised inventory of water use in cooling processes, assessment of vulnerability and of water use management measures End Report, European Commission, Brussels (https://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/water/adaptation/pdf/InventoryCoolingWaterUse.pdf).

Toreti, A., et al., 2019, ‘The Exceptional 2018 European Water Seesaw Calls for Action on Adaptation’, Earth’s Future 7(6), pp. 652-663 (DOI: 10.1029/2019EF001170).

Trémolet S. et al., 2019, Investing in Nature for Europe Water Security, The Nature Conservancy, Ecologic Institute and ICLEI (https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/Investing_in_Nature_for_European_Water_Security_02.pdf) accessed 8 December 2020.

Tsakiris, G., 2015, ‘The Status of the European Waters in 2015: a Review’, Environmental Processes 2(3), pp. 543-557 (DOI: 10.1007/s40710-015-0079-1).

UN, 1992, ‘United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’, UN (https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf) accessed 15 December 2017.

UN, 1994, ‘Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action for a Safer World’, United Nations (https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/194428) accessed 15 December 2020.

UN, 2015a, ‘Paris Agreement’, UN (https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/convention/application/pdf/english_paris_agreement.pdf) accessed 15 December 2020.

UN, 2015b, ‘The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’, Economic and Social Affairs (https://sdgs.un.org/goals) accessed 15 December 2017.

UNESCO, 2020, ‘Doñana National Park’, World Heritage Sites (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/685/gallery/) accessed 16 December 2020.

van Leeuwen, K. and Sjerps, R., 2016, ‘Istanbul: the challenges of integrated water resources management in Europa’s megacity’, Environment, Development and Sustainability 18(1), pp. 1-17 (DOI: 10.1007/s10668-015-9636-z).

Vanham, D., et al., 2013, ‘The water footprint of the EU for different diets’, Ecological Indicators 32, pp. 1-8 (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.02.020.).

Vanham, D., et al., 2016, ‘Water consumption related to different diets in Mediterranean cities’, Science of The Total Environment 573, pp. 96-105 (DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.111).

Vanham, D., et al., 2017, ‘Food consumption and related water resources in Nordic cities’, Ecological Indicators 74, pp. 119-129 (DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.11.019).

Vanham, D., et al., 2019, ‘The consumptive water footprint of the European Union energy sector’, Environmental Research Letters 14(10), p. 104016 (DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ab374a).

Vargas, J. and Paneque, P., 2017, ‘Methodology for the analysis of causes of drought vulnerability on the River Basin scale’, Natural Hazards 89(2), pp. 609-621 (DOI: 10.1007/s11069-017-2982-4).

Ward, F. A. and Pulido-Velazquez, M., 2008, ‘Water conservation in irrigation can increase water use’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(47), pp. 18215-18220 (DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0805554105).

Waughray, D., ed., 2011, Water security: the water-food-energy-climate nexus: the World Economic Forum water initiative, Island Press, Washington, D.C.

Weitz, N., et al., 2014, ‘Cross-sectoral integration in the Sustainable Development Goals: a nexus approach’, Stockholm  Environment  Institut (https://mediamanager.sei.org/documents/Publications/Air-land-water-resources/SEI-DB-2014-Nexus-SDGs-integration.pdf) accessed 9 December 2020.

Wichelns, D., 2017, ‘The water-energy-food nexus: Is the increasing attention warranted, from either a research or policy perspective?’, Environmental Science & Policy 69, pp. 113-123 (DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2016.12.018).

World Bank, 2016, High and Dry : Climate Change, Water, and the Economy, No CC BY 3.0 IGO, World Bank Group, Washington, DC (https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/23665) accessed 8 December 2020.

World Bank, 2019, The Role of Desalination in an Increasingly Water-Scarce World, Technical Paper, World Bank, Washington  DC (http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/476041552622967264/pdf/135312-WP-PUBLIC-14-3-2019-12-3-35-W.pdf) accessed 16 December 2020.

World Tourism Organisation, 2017, ‘Tourism Highlights’, UNWTO (https://people.unica.it/carlamassidda/files/2017/06/UNWTO_Tourism-Highlights_2017.pdf) accessed 7 December 2020.

WW Water Centre, 2014, ‘Demonstrate ecosystem services enabling innovation in the water sector’, DESSIN (https://dessin-project.eu/?page_id=61) accessed 9 December 2020.

WWF, 2006, Illegal water use in Spain  Causes, effects and solutions, WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature), Madrid (https://wwfeu.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/illegal_water_use_in_spain_may06.pdf) accessed 16 December 2020.

WWF, 2016, El estado del agua en Doñana una: evaluación del estado de las aguas y los ecosistemas del espacio protegido, WWF//Adena, Madrid (https://wwfes.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/estado_del_agua_donana_wwf.pdf?41680/Un-informe-de-WWF-confirma-la-crtica-situacin-del-agua-en-Doana) accessed 16 December 2020.

Zal, N., et al., 2017, Use of Freshwater Resources in Europe – An assessment based on water quantity accounts, Thematic Assessment No 1/2017, European Topic Centre on inland, coastal and marine waters, Magdeburg, Germany (https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-icm/products/etc-icm-reports/use-of-freshwater-resources-in-europe-2002-2014-an-assessment-based-on-water-quantity-accounts) accessed 12 April 2020.

Zeiringer, B., et al., 2018, ‘River Hydrology, Flow Alteration, and Environmental Flow’, in: Schmutz, S. and Sendzimir, J. (eds), Riverine Ecosystem Management, Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 67-89.

Zhang, Y., et al., 2016, ‘Multi-decadal trends in global terrestrial evapotranspiration and its components’, Scientific Reports 6(1), p. 19124 (DOI: 10.1038/srep19124).